BIG THEMES

• Industrialization

• Revolutions: American, French, Haitian, Latin American

• Scramble for Africa

• Opium Wars

• Meiji Restoration

MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS

• American Revolution (1775-1783)

• French Revolution/Napoleon (1789-1815)

• Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

• Opium Wars (China) (1839-1860)

• Sepoy Rebellion (India) (1857)

• American Civil War (1861-1865)

• Meiji Restoration (Japan) (1868-1912)

• Boxer Rebellion (China) 1900

TIMELINE

1757 – Battle of Plassey

1762-1796 – Catherine the Great

1776 – US independence from Britain

1789-1799 – French Revolution

1791-1804 – Haitian slave rebellion

1800 – Political dominance of British introduces Western culture, language, govt technology.

1803 – Napoleon sells Louisiana to US

1807-1814 – Napoleon fought Peninsular War (Spain/Portugal)

1807 – British ban slave trade (US in 1808)

1822 – US founds Liberia for freed slaves.

1815 – Napoleon finally defeated at Waterloo (Congress of Vienna)

1822 – Brazil independent

1825 – Mex, Central and South America all independent from Spanish

1830 – French invade Algeria

1830s – Boer trek

1830s – French in Algeria

1839-42 -- First Opium War

1846-48 – Mexican American War

1850-1864 -- Taiping Rebellion in China

1853 - 56 – Crimean War

1854 – Matthew Perry to Japan

1856 - 1860 -- Second Opium War

1857 - Sepoy Rebellion

1861 -- Russia ends serfdom

1863 – Slavery abolished in US

1867 – Diamonds found in South Africa (Cecil Rhodes) (gold, diamonds, ivory, rubber)

1868-1912 -- Meiji Restoration in Japan

1869 – Suez Canal opens

1879 – Zulu Wars (Zulus defeat British at Isandlwana but defeated at Ulundi)

1880-81 – Boer Wars (Br. v. Boers)

1882 – British in Egypt (to protect Suez Canal)

1884 – Germans take Namibia, Tanzania, Togo and Cameroon

1885 – Congress of Berlin

1886 – Kenya becomes British colony

1898 – Spanish-American War

1899 – United Fruit Company founded (1901 hired by Guatemala)

REVOLUTIONS

(see post)

AMERICAN REVOLUTION

FRENCH REVOLUTION

NAPOLEON

HAITIAN REVOLUTION

LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

FOUNDATIONS/INVENTIONS

SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALISM

CAPITALISM

SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES

URBANIZATION AND MIGRATION

CHALLENGES TO INDUSTRIALISM

• Socialism

• Marx and Engels

• Communist Manifesto

GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES

EUROPE

NATIONALISM

• Nations and Nationalism

• Reaction to Napoleon

• Cultural Nationalism

• Johan Gottfired von Herder

• Paised the German Volk ("people)

• Political Nationalism

• Italy

• Germany

• Anti-Semitism

• Nationalist Rebellions

UNITED STATES

AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE

CONSTITUTION

WESTWARD EXPANSION

NATIVE AMERICANS

SLAVERY

CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)

ECONOMY

CANADA

FRENCH COLONY

• Canada was part of New France

• Until the French and Indian War (1754-1763)

• When Britain acquired the French territory up to the Mississippi River

BRITISH COLONY

• Until the late 18th century, French Canadians outnumbered British Canadians

• So British made large concession to their subjects.

• Officially recognizing Roman Catholicism.

• Permitting the observance of French civil law in Quebec and other areas of French Canadian settlement.

• Govrnance through local elites.

• British Canadians

• Protestant

• Lived mostly in Ontario

• Followed British law

• Governed through elected representatives

• During American War of Independence (1763-1783)

• Many American loyalists (colonists who were loyal to Britain) fled to Canada

• Enlarging number of British people in Canada in relation to French

• Some slaves were allowed to enter from 13 colonies (Lord Dunmore's Proclamation)

WAR OF 1812 (1812-1815) (see post)

• Battle between United States and Britain

• Caused by British impressment of American sailors during war with Napoleon

• Created a sense of unity among French and British Canadians against a common threat (the U.S.)

• After the War of 1812

• Canada experience an era of rapid growth.

• Which attracted British immigrants.

• By 1830

• There was discontent between the growing British population and French Canadians

DOMINION

• Discontent in 1830 worried the imperial governors of Canada.

• British government didn't want Canadians to fight for independence like the U.S. Americans

• Home Rule

• Expanded in Canada between 1840-1867

• British permitted provinces to govern their own internal affairs.

• Durham Report 1839

• By John George Lambton (1st Earl of Durham and high commissioner of Canada)

• Advocated high degree of self-government for a united Canada.

• Report became a model for British imperial policy and colonial self-rule in other British regions (Australia, New Zealand etc.)

• British North America Act 1867

• After American Civil War, British feared the U.S. would try to expand to Canada.

• The British North America Act joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

• Other provinces joined later

• Recognized them as the Dominion of Canada.

• Each province had its own seat of government, provincial legislature, lieutenant govrnor.

• Create a federal government headed by a governor-general who acted as British representative.

• An elected House of commons and appointed Senate.

• Provincial legislatures had authority

• Britain kept jurisdiction over foreign affairs until 1931

• John MacDonald (r. 1867–1873, 1878–1891)

• First prime minister of Canada.

• Negotiated purchase of Northwest Territories from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869

• Persuaded Manitoba, British Columbia an prince Edward Island to join th Dominion.

• Built a transcontinental railroad to further unify the country.

• Railroad attracted Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905, Newfoundland in 1949 joined

ECONOMICS

• British investment helped development of Canada.

• Canadian leaders took advantage of British capital to industrialize.

• Early 19th c.

• Britain paid high prices for Canadian agricultural products and minerals

• Partly to keep the colony stable and discourage separatist movement.

• Canadians enjoyed high standard of living.

• After establishment of Dominion

• Politicians started National Policy

• To attract migrants

• Protect new industries through tariffs

• Build national transportation systems.

• Transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railroad (completed 1885)

• Built largely with British investment capital

• Opened the western prarie lands to commerce.

• Promoted a Canadian national economy

• Conflicts with indigenous people (First Nations) and trappers

• Resented encroachment on their land.

• Result of National Policy

• Migrants flocked to Canada from Asia and Europe 1903-1914.

• Increase in wheat production

• Extraction of rich minerals (including gold, silver, copper, nickel and asbestos).

• Canadian rivers produced hydroelectric power.

• By 1918, US owned 30% of Canadian industry causing U.S. and Candian economies to become increasingly interdependent.

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

• French Canadians in Quebec area (east)

• Speak French, French law, Roman Catholicism

• British Canadians

• Speak English, English law, Protestantism

• First Nations (Indians)

LATIN AMERICA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

(See link for Latin American Revolutions)

LATIN AMERICA

• Creoles

• Tried to create constitutions - but failed

• Tried to prevent mass participation in politics

• To maintain own power

• But lack of open public discussion = violent dissent

• And politically active population divided into factions/ideologies

• United only in desire to control the land for agricuturee and ranching

• By pushing aside indigenous people

• Caudillos

• Wars of independence lasted over a decade

• Created miltiary rather than civilian heroes

• Military leaders took political stage

• Appealing to populist sentiments/exploiting discontent of masses

• Conflicts with Indians

• Mostly in Argentina and Chile

• Where cultivators and ranchers wanted to take over South American plains

• As US as crushing Indians to move west (Manifest Destiny)

• Argentine and Chilean forces conquering indigenous people with modern weapons

• By 1870s they had pacified the most prouctive lands

• and forced indigenous people to either assimilate or retreat to substandard lands.

ARGENTINA

Independence

• May Revolution 1810 led to disintegration of Spain's Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata

• Congress of Tucuman 1816

• Severed all remaining ties with Spain

• Independence resulted in breakup of territories of Rio de la Plata

• Buenos Aires province fight for autonomy

Juan Manuel de Rosas (r. 1829-1852)

• 10th largest landowner in province of Buenos Aires

• owned 300000 cattle, 420,000 acres

• Military background

• Had a private army of gauchos loyal to him.

• Nicknames:

• Machiavelli of the Pampas, Restorer of Laws

• Argentina was badly divided between cattle-herding and gaucho society of pampas (see below)

• Rosas was from cattle ranching world

• Subdued other caudilos to control Buenos Aires

• Called for regional autonomy but also worked to centralize government

• Put down rebellions brutally

• Accused of launching a reign of terror (like Robespierre in France)

• Killed 20,404 people to stop opposition

• Either in armed clashes, poisoning, hanging, assassination

• Restored order by making terror a tool of the government

• Populist

• Appealed to people by identification with teh people and gauchos

• Demonstrated physical strength and machismo

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (r. 1868-1874)

• President who despised rule of caudillow

• Tried to develop a society based on European values

• Wrote "Facundo: Civilization and Barbarism (1845)

• Argued:

• Only when cities (Buenos Aires) dominated countryside

• Would social stability and liberty be possible.

Gauchos (Argentine cowboys/vaqueras)

• Symbol of Latin American identity

• Most were mestizos or castizos

• Ethnic egalitarianism, self-sufficient, independent

• Mostly in Argentine pampas

• Interior grasslands

• Dress: sashed trousers, ponchos, boots

• Pastoralists who herded cattle and horses.

• Gradually displaced by large cattle ranches and use of barbed wire

• Romanticized by poet Hernandez - "The Gaucho Martin Fierro" (1873)

MEXICO

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

• Caudillo President intermittently from 1833 to 1854

• Exiled after Plan of Ayutla in 1854

Texas independence 1845

Mexican-American War (1846-48)

• Caused turmoil: defeat and disillusionment prompted efforts to reform.

La Reforma 1850s

• Begun by President Benito Juarez who called for liberal reforms

• Designed to create a liberal middle class.

• Constitution of 1857

• Curtailed rights of priests and military elites

• guaranteed universal male suffrage

• Civil liberties: freedom of speech etc.

• Land reform to dismantle corporate properties

• Sold communal Indian lands and villages as private property to large landowners.

• Conservative Mexican elites opposed the liberal reforms.

• Juarez government was forced out of Mexico City until 1861.

​Foreign intervention

• To lessen Mexico's financial problems, Juarez suspended laon paymetns to foreing powers

• Led to French, British, Spanish intervention to protect investments.

Maximilien

• Napoleon III tried to end Mexican disorder by recreating monarchy.

• Mexican pushed back French invaders May 5, 1862 (Cinco de Mayo)

• Napoleon III sent 10s of 1000s of troops - proclaimed Mexico an Empire

• Put Austrian archduke Maximilian as new emperor.

• 1867, Mexicans killed Maximilien

• Juarez returned to power

Mexican Revolution (1910-1920)

• Middle class peasants workers to overthrow dictator Porfirio Diaz

• 95% of peasants were landless, engaged in guerrilla warfare

• Followed rebels: Emiliano Zapata and Francisco (Pancho) Villa

• Fighting for tierra y libertad (land and liberty)

• Zapata confiscated hacienda lands and began distributing land to peasants

• Pancho Villa attacked and killed US citizens inretaliation for U.S support of Mexican government officials.

• Revolution ended when Zapata was killed (1919) and Villa killed (1923)

Mexican Constitution 1917

• Provided for land redistribution

• Universal suffrage

• State-supported education

• minimum wage

• Restrictions on foreign ownership of Mexican property and mineral resources.

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

DECLINE

REFORM

YOUNG TURKS

RUSSIA

ROMANOV TSARS

CRIMEAN WAR (1853-1856)

INDUSTRIALIZATION

REVOLUTION

CHINA

TRADE IN CHINA

• 1759 Qianlong emperor restricted European commercial presence in China

• To waterfront at Guangzhou

• Only place where European merchants could trade and establish warehouses.

• Chinese authorities controlled terms of trade.

• Foreign merchants could only deal with specially licensed Chinese firms (cohongs)

• Which bought and sold goods at set prices.

• Under strict regulations by government.

• Chinese also had little demand for European products.

• Europeans merchants had to pay for Chinese goods in silver

• Caused trade imbalance

OPIUM

• To shift balance of trade, British East India Company found alternatives to bullion -- opium.

• Grown in India (controlled by British East India Company) - shipped to China

• Silver flowed back to Br.-controlled Calcutta, then London, then used to buy goods in China

• Annual imports of highly addictive opium rose to 40,000 chests by 1839

• Trade in opium was illegal

• But continued because Chinese authorities made little effort to enforce the law.

• By late 1830s government officials aware

• Opium drained large silver from China

• Serious drug addictions

• 1838 government officials tried to stop illicit trade.

• Lin Zexu charged with destroying opium trade, confiscated and destroyed 20,000 chests.

• Ignited war with British

OPIUM WARS

• British agents outrage by new Chinese action against opium

• Pressed government to retaliate military

• Opium War 1839-1842

• British vessels were superior on the seas and infantry had rifles.

• Chinese only had swords, knives, spears.

• British struck Grand Canal (linked Yangtze and Yellow River valleys)

• With aid of steam-powered gunboats.

• 1842 British armada of 70 ships led by gunboat Nemesis up Yangtze River

• Little Chinese resistance.

• Chinese government sued for peace.

• Treaty of Nanjing

UNEQUAL TREATIES

• Unequal treaties signed with foreign nations.

• Curtailed China's sovereignty

• Treaty of Nanjing

• After end of Opium War in 1842

• Ceded Hong Kong Island in perpetuity to Britain (went back to China in 1997)

• Opened five Chinese ports (including Guangzhou and Shanghai) to commerce and residence

• Compelled Qing government to extend most-favored-nation status to Britain

• Granted extraterritoriality to British subjects

• British not subject to Chinese laws

• Other nations also concluded similar unequal treaties with China

• France, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Austira-Hungrary, us and Japan.

• Other concessions

• Legalized the opium trade

• Permitted establishment of Christian missions throughout China

• Opened additional treaty ports.

• Prevented Qing government from levying tariffs on imports to protect domestic induties

• By 1900

• 90 Chinese ports under the effective control of foreign powers.

• Foreign merchants controlled much of the Chinese economy

• Christians missionaries sought convverts thorughout China

• Foreign gunboats patrolled Chinese waters.

• Chinese system of tributary states also destroyed

• Korea, Vietnam, Burma/Myanmar

PEASANT PROBLEMS

• 1800-1900 population rose from 330 million to 475 million

• But amount of cultivated land increased slowly

• Land concentrated in hands of wealthy elites

• Corruption in government

• Drug addiction

• Poverty and discontent caused rebellions throughout China

• Nian rebellion (1851-1868)

• Muslim rebellion (1855-1873)

• Taiping rebellion (1850-1864)

TAIPING REBELLION (1850-1864)

• Started by Hong Xiuquan

• Village schoolteacher who claimed to be brother of Jesus

• Called for destruction of foreign (Manchu) Qing dynasty

• And radical transformation of Chinese society

• Taiping reform program

• Abolition of private property

• Creation of communal wealth to be shared according to needs

• Prohibition of foot binding and concubinage

• Free public education

• Simplification of the written language

• Literacy for the masses.

• Democratic political institutions

• Building of an industrial society

• Equality for men and women

• Although army divided into separate divisions of men and women soldiers

• No sex among followers - even married couples (although Hong and leaders had harems)

• Successes

• Took Nanjing in 1853 and made the Taiping capital

• Taipings attracted whole villages as they campaigned through China

• 1855, a million Taipings about to attack Beijing - but repelled by Qing

• 1859 from base in Yangtze River valley, the Taiping threatened Shanghai.

• Taiping defeat

• Because of radical nature of Taiping program, Chinese gentry sided with government

• After Manchu soldiers failed to defeat Taiping, Qing created regional armies

• Staffed by Chinese instead of Manchu soldiers

• Commanded by members of scholar-gentry class.

• With help from European advisers and weapons, regional armies overcame Taipings

• By 1862 Hong Xiuguan had withdrawn from affairs (time to religion and harem)

• Then killed himself in Jun 1864 after an illness.

• Nanjing fell July 1864 - government killed 100,000 Taiping

• Rebellion over by end of 1864

• Consequences

• 20-30 million people had been killed.

• Drastic decline in agricultural production (people had to eat grass, leather, human flesh)

EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI

• Former imperial concubine who established herself as effective ruler of China

SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT (1860-1895)

• Because of Opium Wars and Taiping Rebellion

• Qinq rulers believed change was necessary

• From 1860-1895, Qinq tried to blend Confucianism and foreign technology to fix problems.

• "Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use."

• Kept agrarian society

• With modern industry

• Built modern shipyards

• Constructed railroads

• Established weapons industries

• Opened steel foundries with blast furnaces

• Founded academies to develop scientific expertise

• But only superficial change

• Not enough industry to bring real military and economic strength to China

• Obstacles

• Cixi diverted funds from navy to build a expensive marble boat in lake of imperial gardens.

• Also contradiction

• Industrialization would bring social change to agrarian land

• Education in European curriculum would undermine commitment to Confucian values.

END OF CHINESE TRIBUTARY SYSTEM

• Late 19th century, foreign powers began to dismantle the Chinese system of tributary states

• 1885 France incorporated Vietnam into its colony of Indochina

• 1886 Britain took Burma

• 1895 Japan

• Forced China to grant Korea indendence

• Give Taiwan (Formosa) and Liaodong Peninsula to Japan

SPHERES OF INFLUENCE 1898

• Foreign powers carved China into spheres of economic influence.

• Qing government powerless to stoop them

• China granted exclusive rights for railway and mineral development

• Germans in Shandong Province

• France in the southern border provinces

• Great Britain in the Yangtze River valley

• Japan in southeastern coastal provinces

• Russia in Manchuria

• Distrust among the foreign powers prevented total dismemberment of China

HUNDRED DAYS REFORMS 1898

• Leaders of new reform movement,

• Scholars Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao

• Reinterpreted Confucianism to justify radical change to imperial system.

• Didn't try to preserve an agrarian society

• Instead wanted to make China into modern industrial socity

• Emperor Guangxu agreed and launched program to transform China

• Constitutional monarchy

• Civil liberties

• Rooting out corruption

• Remodeled eucational system

• Encouraging foreign influence

• Modernizing military forces

• Stimulate economic development

• Violent reaction

• From gentry and Cixi (Guangxu's aunt)

• After 103 days Cixi nullified reform decrees

• Put Guangxu in prison in the Forbidden City

• Executed leading reformers (Kang and Liang escaped to Japan)

BOXER REBELLION 1899

• Antiforeign uprising

• By militia called Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (aka Boxers)

• Organized in 1899 to rid China of "foreign devils" and their influences.

• Targeted foreigners, Chinese Christians, and Chinese who helped foreigners

• They believed foreign weapons couldn't hurt them.

• Encouraged by Cixi

• Boxer rampage

• First in northern China

• In 1900, 14,000 Boxers besieged foreign embassies in Beijing

• Foreign retaliation

• Heavily armed force of British, French, Russian, U.S., German and Japanese troops

• Defeated Boxers

• Forced Chinese government to pay indemnity

• And allow foreign powers to station troops in Beijing and along sea routes.

THE LAST EMPEROR

• Because Cixi supported Boxers, many Chinese unhappy with Qing government

• Revolutionary uprisings became popular (even among conservative Chinese)

• Emperor

• Cixi died in Nov 15 1908 - one day after the sudden, unexpected and mysterious death of the emeprorr

• In her last act of state, the epress dowager appointed the two-year-d boy puyi to the immperial throne

• Puyi never had a change to rule

• revoution broe out in auten f 1911

• by early 1912, the las temepror of he Qin dyanasty had abdicated his throne.

JAPAN

END OF TOKUGAWA

MEIJI REFORMS

• Foreign influence

• Abolition of the Social order

• Constitutional Government

• Economy

IMPERIALISM

REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM

JUSTIFICATION

TOOLS

REGIONS

India

Africa

Southeast Asia

GREAT GAME

LEGACIES OF IMPERIALISM

INDIA

MUGHALS

SEPOY REBELLION

BRITISH RAJ

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

BELGIUM

• Leopold II

BRITISH

FRENCH

DUTCH

PACIFIC

AUSTRALIA

NEW ZEALAND