WHIGS, TORIES AND NON-JURORS

• Tories

• Supported James the Pretender (James II's son) and his successor (Bonnie Prince Charlie) as rightful kings

• Generally controlled the House of Commons after Peace of Utrecht.

• Whigs were pro-war

• Whigs

• Supported George I and his successors

• Made up largely of great landowning noblemen, wealthy London merchant, business people and nonconformists in religion.

• Generally controlled the House of Lords.

• Non-jurors

• Anglican clergy who refused to take the oath of loyalty after 1688

• Kept alive a shadow church until 1805

JACOBITES

• Group of Tories, Scots and Non-jurors

• Who were

• Critical of the mounting national debt that the wars created

• Distrustful of the business and moneyed interests

• They looked wistfully to the exiled Stuarts (James II's son)

• After 1701, when James died France

• The Stuart claims devolved to his son

• Who tried to make himself king until his death in 1766

• Critics of Jacobites:

• Whigs who feared that a return to "James III" and his divine-right supporters

• Would undo principles of Glorious Revolution (limited monarchy, constitutionalism, parliamentary supremacy, rule of law, toleration of dissenting Protestants)

• People who had stock in Bank of England or lent money to the government.

• Who would be ruined with a change in power.

QUEEN ANNE (r. 1702-1714)

• Mary's sister, last reigning Stuart

• Act of Settlement (1701)

• Successors to throne had to be Protestant descendants of the Stuart family

• Act of Union (1707)

• Created United Kingdom of Great Britain

• Scots kept legal system and religion.

• Anne also died without an heir

Whigs and Tories began to dissolve after 1714

THE FIFTEEN (1715)

• In 1715 the Pretender ("James III") landed in Scotland and gathered followers from Scottish Highlands

• Proclaimed a rebellion against George I

• Civil war seemed close.

• But Jacobite leaders made mistakes and many of their followers were undecided.

• Rebellion petered out.

KING GEORGE I (r. 1714-1727)

• First monarch from the German House of Hanover

• Because of Act of Settlement, he was the nearest Protestant relative.

• Son of James VI's granddaughter, Sophia of Hanover

• Bio

• George spoke no English

• Continued to spend much of his time in Germany (and brought German ministers and mistresses to England)

• Not popular in England

• Parliament

• Parliament gained considerable independence from the crown under George.

• George was supported by the Whigs (see above)

THE FORTY-FIVE (1745)

• During war with France (1745)

• Pretender's son, "Bonnie Prince Charlie" or "Young Pretender"

• Landed in Scotland and again proclaimed rebellion.

• This rebellion was more successful

• Scottish force went to within 80 miles of London

• Crushed by Hanoverian regiments from Germany.

• Government set out to destroy Jacobinism in the Scottish Highlands.

• Social system of Highlands was wiped out, clans broken up and their lands forcibly reorganized according to modern notions of property and landlord and tenant relationship.