amanda0195
History of the Hebrews
BIBLICAL
Abraham moves to Israel
Covenant with God, circumcision
Wife Sarai (mother of Isaac)
Sarai's servant Hagar (mother of Ishmael)
Isaac has two sons
Esau and Jacob
Jacob is renamed "Israel"
Jacob/Israel has 12 sons
Who become the patriarchs of the 12 tribes
Joseph, one of Israel's sons, is sold to merchants going to Egypt
He helps the Egyptian king by predicting a famine will take place
Egypt stockpiles food
When the famine hits, Joseph's brother's come to Egypt to buy food
At first, they don't recognize their brother who is now working in the Pharaoh's court and speaks perfect Egyptian
Joseph forgives them and they all move to Egypt
Eventually the Hebrews are enslaved (because of the fear of their growing numbers)
Decree issued by Pharaoh when a rumor circulates that one of the Hebrews will rule as a king
All newborn Hebrew children must be killed.
Hebrew's are saved when God instructs them to mark their doors with animal blood so that the Egyptian soldiers will pass by their homes
Moses
Child is saved by his mother when she puts him in a basket and sets him down the river
Pharaoh's daughter finds him and raises him in the royal household
Moses discovers his roots as a Hebrew, determines to free his brethren from captivity
God helps Moses convince the Pharaoh to let the Hebrews go by sending down a number of plagues (locusts, darkness, frogs etc.)
Hebrews escape by traveling across the Sinai for 40 years (a generation)
With God's help, Moses parts the Red (Reed) Sea allowing Hebrews to cross (the water closes in again on the pursuing Egyptian soldiers)
En route, Moses receives commandments from God
Places the tablets (along with a pot of manna and Aaron's rod) in the Ark of the Covenant which is carried by the Hebrews back to Israel
Israel
Hebrew return to Israel (possibly around 1440 BC) and fight Philistines

HEBREWS IN ISRAEL

1025 BC -- the Hebrews choose Saul to unite the Hebrew tribes so that can better defeat the Philistines
1010 BC -- Saul is succeeded by King David
Who establishes the city of Jerusalem as a place to build a Temple for the Ark of the Covenant
970-931 BC -- David's son, Solomon, becomes king
Solomon builds the first Temple in Jerusalem
But angers the ten tribes in the North

SPLIT
931 BC the Hebrew tribes split: Kingdom of Israel (10 tribes capital at Samaria) in the north Kingdom of Judah in the south
740 B.C. - c. 711 B.C.
Ten tribes in the Kingdom of Israel are conquered by the Neo-Assyrians
The tribes are forcibly scattered to other parts of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Become known as the "Ten Lost Tribes"
BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY

586 Jerusalem falls to the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchanezzar
Solomon's Temple is destroyed
Hebrews from Kingdom of Judah (now known as "Jews") are forced to migrate to Babylon -- this time, though, as a group
Changes to the Jewish traditions
Promise to return to Israel
God is more abstract and is considered the God of all people (not just Jews)
Torah is compiled (in order to understand why God forsook te Hebrew People)
539 BC Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonians
Permits all imprisoned groups to be set free
Jews (Hebrews) return to Israel and rebuild the Temple with Cyrus's blessing and aid.

SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD
332 B.C.E. Alexander the Great conquers Phoenicia and Gaza
HELLENISM
Seleucids and Ptolemies fight over control of the Levant
Under Ptolemies, Hebrews were permitted to practice their religion freely
Under Seleucus, Hebrews must engage in Greek customs, stop performing Jewish rituals (like circumcision) compete in the Gymnasium naked and worship Greek gods in the Temple.
Maccabeean (Hasmonean) Revolt 167-161 BC against the Hellenistic Seleucids
Led by Judah Maccabee
Victory over the Greeks, Hebrews try to re-sanctify the Temple Mount
Hannukah story: After victory over the Seleucids, the Hebrews set out find only enough annointing oil for one night but the supply miraculously lasts for eight days.
Hasmonean dynasty rules until the Romans conquer the region
ROMANS
63 B.C.E Roman general Pompey lays siege to the temple

JESUS IS CRUCIFIED
C. 26-36 C.E. Jesus is pursued by Romans
FALL OF JERUSALEM AND THE TEMPLE
Jews revolt against Romans (66-70 CE)
Revolt ends with the destruction of the Second Temple and the fall of Jerusalem
More than a million Jews killed by Romans
BAR KOCHBA REVOLT
131-136 Roman Emperor Hadrian takes over
Renames Jerusalem "Aelia Capitolina" and Judea becomes Syria Palestina.
Forbids circumcision
Bar Kochba
Leads the biggest Jewish rebellion against Romans
In reaction
Jews are all kicked out of Jerusalem
They can only visit on Tisha B'av