NATIONALISM

• Because of Napoleonic Wars

• Inspired by French nationalism

• And desire to cultivate local national identity

• Based on shared language, custom, religion

• Two types of nationalism

• Based on shared territory (France, Russia, Spain)

• Based on shared identity (Germans, Italians, Bohemians)

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

Greece

ITALY

• Italian Nationalism

• Italy in the 19th century was divided

• Guiseppe Mazzini

• Inspired by other independence movements in Hungary, Ireland, Switzerland

• Created the nationalistic "Young Italy" movement.

GERMANY

Nationalism

• Johann Gottfied von Herder

• Fostered price in German heritage

• By championing the idea of the German Volk ("people")

• Believed German spirit (Volkgeist or "people's spirit) could be found in songs, stories, poems

• Grimm brothers

• Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm

• Collected stories from different German-speaking villages

• Later compiled as "Grimm's Fairy Tales"

• Hansel and Gretel, Cinderella etc.

German Unification

• German Confederation was created by Congress of Vienna (led by Metternich)

• 1862 Prussian King Wilhelm II (Hohenzollern family) appointed Otto von Bismarck as prime minister

• Bismarck believed in Realpolitik (realistic politics)

• And idea that "blood and iron" would decide the question of German nationalism.

• Bismarck reformed and expanded the Prussian army.

• Austro-Prussian War (1866)

• Prussian army defeated Austrians in Seven Weeks War

• Bismarck united the northern Germans in the Northern German Confederation

• Franco-Prussia War (1871)

• Prussia defeated France in Franco-Prussian War

• And unified the rest of the German States

• The country was renamed the Deutsches Reich (German Empire)

• At the Hall of Mirrors in Versailles at the end of Franco-Prussian war in 1871

• Wilhelm was proclaimed Kaiser Wilhelm (Emperor Wilhelm)

ANTI-SEMITISM

• Jews were seen as foreigners in all countries

• Jews in eastern Europe

• In 1880s, Jews were persecuted in Russia in "pogroms"

• In the West

• Jews appeared to be doing well (like wealthy Rothschild family)

• Until a Jewish army officer (Alfred Dreyfus) was wrongfully accused and convicted of spying for the Germans

• Led to the "Zionist" movement

• Led by Theodore Herzl

• Jews met at the First Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland in 1897

• In pursuit of a homeland in Palestine for Jews.

• Jews began moving to Palestine

• Israel became an independent country in 1948