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Roman Empire Chronology
ROMAN REPUBLIC

Mythology
Romulus and Remus (771 BC)
Italian myth
Twin sons of Rhea Silvia to be killed by being left in a basket, sailed down Tiber River
Found by she-wolf, raised
Founded area that would be called "Rome" (after Romulus0
Aeneus from Troy (by Virgil)
Aeneus escaped from Troy (13th c. BC)
Affair with Queen Dido of Carthage
Landed in Rome
Story written during Caesar Augustus
Rape of the Sabine Women
In order to populate Rome, women were abducted from neighboring regions.

Etruscans
Monarchy
Culture: Women equal, superstitious.
Built Rome
Etruscan kings overthrown 508 BC
Rape of Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius
Father, Tarquinius Superbus, overthrown
Republic
Two consuls (veto power, 1 year terms)
Senate (elects consuls, sit for life)
Tribunes (represent plebeians)

Expansion
340 Latin states
Greek communities in south Italy 267 BC
Etruscans defeated 264 BC
Struggle of orders 494 BC to 287 BC,
Patricians v. Plebeians
Council of plebs, tribune
Twelve Tables (450 BC)
Punic Wars
First – Sicily
Second – Hannibal, Battle of Cannae, Battle of Zama 202 BC
Third – 146 BC Carthage destroyed

Greeks taken over 146 BC
Decline of Republic 133-31 BC
Gracchus Brothers (reforms)
Marius (army of landless, loyal to generals)
Sulla (marched into Rome with his army)
Spartacus – 73 BC
Gladiator Revolt
Put down by Crassus
First Triumvirate (59-53 BC)
Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar (60 BC)
Crassus
Rich, defeated Spartacus
Pompey
Consul 55-54 BC an 52-51 BC
Took Syria and Judea
Julius Caesar
Crossed Rubicon
Became “dictator for life”
Killed 44 BC ("Beware the ides of March")
Second Triumvirate (43 - 33 BC)
Caesar Augustus, Mark Antony, Marcus Lepidus
Unlike first triumvirate, the second triumvirate was legal and official

Octavian (Augustus) (31 BCE – 14 CE)
Defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium 31 BC)
“Restoration of the Republic” 27 BC
Pax Romana
ROMAN EMPIRE
Early Empire (14-180)
Tiberius
Established Julio-Claudian dynasty (14-68)
Nero (54-68)
Persecuted Christians
Eliminated people
Burned down Rome so that he could rebuild his palace
Five Good Emperors (96-180)
Trajan
Expanded to Dacia, Mesopotamia, Sinai
Roman Empire at it's greatest extent (AD 117)
Hadrian (117-138)
Withdrew from Trajan's territorial gains in Mesopotamia, Assyria, Armenia
Invested in stable, defensible borders
Built Hadrian's Wall marking northern limit in Britain

Caracalla 212
Roman citizenship to all
Crisis of Third Century (235-284)
After assassination of Alexander Severus in 235
Empire nearly collapsed
Invasions, plague, economic collapse, civil war
"Barracks Emperors' -- 20 emperors who rose and fall in 50 years
Anarchy

Late Roman Empire (end 3rd, beg. Of 4th c.)
Diocletian (284-305)
Divided empire into Tetrarchy
Constantine (306-337)
Reunified Empire
Moved capital east to Byzantium/Constantinople
Edict of Milan 312 – Christianity tolerated
Theodosius 347 -395
Christianity official religion
END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
Visigoths
Pushed out by Huns
Battle at Adrianople 378
Sacked Rome 410
Odoacer
Deposed last emperor in West in 476
Romulus Augustus
German “master of soldiers”
