Industrialization

INVENTIONS

• Textile industry

• John Kay - flying shuttle (1733)

• Samuel Crompton - Spinning mule (1779)

• Edmund Cartwright - water-driven power loom (1785)

• James Watt's steam engine (1765)

• Burned coal, which drove a piston, which turned a wheel

• Steel

• Bessemer process

• Bessemer converter (1856) made cheaper, stronger steel

• Coke (purified coal) replaced charcoal as principal fuel

• Transportation

• With steam engine and improved steel

• George Stephenson invented first steam-powered locomotive (1815)

• Called the Rocket

• Steamships

• Began to replace sailing ships in mid 19th c.

• Eli Whitney

• Invented cotton gin 1793

• Interchangeable parts for firearms

• Henry Ford (1913)

• Introduced assembly line in automobile production

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INDUSTRIALIZATION AROUND THE WORLD

BRITAIN

• Industrialization began in Britain

• Reasons

• Enclosure

• Large land-owners enclosed land and employed expensive machinery

• Small farmers forced to leave farms

• Created a large labor force for factories

• Britain had a lot of rivers (water power and transportation)

• British entrepreneurs provided capital

• Government friendly towards business

• New Limited Liability companies

• British forbade emigration of skilled workes

BELGIUM

• First successful country to follow in Britain's footsteps for industrialization

• Reasons

• Natural resources

• Waterways for transportation

• Contacts with Great Britain

• Coal, iron, textile, glass and armaments production flourished early 19th c.

FRANCE

• By 1830, French firms employed 50,000 skilled British workers

• Who helped establish mechanized textile and metallurgical industires in France.

• By mid 19th c.

• French engineers and inventors devising refinements and innovations

• led to greater efficiences - esp. in metallurgical industires

• Later in century

• Boom in raikroad construction

GERMANY

• Industrialization slower than Belgium and France

• Because of political instability

• Because of competition between German states.

• After 1840s

• Iron and coal production soared

• By 1850s

• An extensive railroad network was under construction

• After German unification

• Bismarck sponsored rapid industirlization

• To strengthen military - developed heavy industry

• Formation of huge businesses

• Giant Krupp firm, for example

• ​dominated mining, metallurgy, armaments production, shipbuilding.

• IG Farben

• ​world's largest chemical company until mid 1900s.

JAPAN

• Before the 1850s

• Only one port was open to trade once a year in Nagasaki

• Only the Dutch and Chinese could trade with Japan

• American Commodore Matthew Perry came to Japan 1854

• Japanese were forced to open to trade

• Visit convinced Japanese that they needed to modernize

• Resulted in Meiji Restoration

• Tokugawa Shogunate overthrown

• Meiji emperor came to power

• Industrialization promoted by the governemnt

• Thousands of foreign experts hired to establish modern industires

• Opened technical insttitutes and universities

• Initially the government owned businesses

• In 1880s, the government sold most enterprise to private entrepreneurs (zaibatsu)

• ​Resulted in concentration of enormous economic power in the hands of a small groups of people.

• Japan was the most industrialized nation in Asia by 1900

RUSSIA

• Crimean War (1853-56)

• ​Russia lost to a coalition of Ottoman Empire, Britain, France

• Emancipation of the serfs in 1861

• ​Seen as an obstacle to economic development

• Besides being economically inefficient, serfdom was source of rural instability and peasant revolt

• ​100s of insurrections broke out during first half of 19th century.

• Tsar Alexander II

• ​"Better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait until the serfs begin to liberate themselves from below"

• Alexander II emancipated serfs partly to create a labor force for industries.

• Industrialization between 1860 and 1900

• Finance minister Sergei Witte (Witte System)

• ​Witte was minister of finance from 1892 to 1903

• Aim: to remove the "unfavorable conditions which hamper the economic development of the country" and kindle "a hearty spirit of enterprise"

• Oversaw construction of trans-Siberian railroad

• ​Opened Siberia to large-scale settlement and exploitation of raw materials.

• Reformed commercial law to protect industires

• Remodeled the state bank to raise domestic capital for industries

• Encouraged foreign investors

• France and Belgium helped with steel and coal industires

• Britain helped with petroleum

• Promoted nautical and engineering schools

• By 1900 Russia produced 1/2 the world's oil

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

• After Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566), the Ottoman Empire declined.

• Became "sick man of Europe"

• Discovery of the New World cut Ottoman Empire out of trade route to Asia

• Sultans were secluded and uneducated

• The Janissaries prevented modernization.

• Territories broke away

• In the Balkans: Serbia, Greece

• North Africa: Egypt became autonomous under Muhammad Ali

• Ottoman Empire was dependent on Europe for manufactured goods

• Egypt (Muhammad Ali 1805-1848)

• Napoleon had defeated the Mamelukes in Egypt leaving a power vacuum.

• Muhammad Ali rose to power in 1805 and enacted reforms

• He built a powerful army based on European models

• He hired French and Italian officers to train the troops

• Launched a program of industrialization (esp. cotton textiles and arms)

• Mahmud II (1808-1839)

• Ottoman Sultan who launched his own reforms.

• He massacred the Janissaries when they rebelled

• And created a modern army based on European models

• Secondary-level schools for boys.

• Curbed religious clergy

• Tanzimat Period (1839-1876)

• Under sultans Abdulmedic I and Abdulaziz

• Program launched to stop decline of the empire.

• Heavily influence by European ideas.

• Began with Edict of Gulhane 1839

• Promoted "Ottomanization"

• To stop the rise in nationalist movements (Greeks, Serbians, Egypt etc.)

• And lesson foreign interference in Ottoman Empire through millets

• Millets = autonomous communities of religious minorities (Christians, Jews)

• Granted equality to all religions/ethnicities throughout empire

• No more jizya and dhimmies.

• All people could join army (not just Muslims)

• Ottoman flag (see image), Ottoman currency, Ottoman national anthem

• All men had to wear fez hats instead of traditional clothes which distinguished people by religion, occupation, status.

• Other Tanzimat reforms

• Secular law replaced religious law

• Modern factories instead of guilds

• Standardized taxation to eliminate abuses

• Abolished slavery (1847)

• Modern universities

• Established first telegraph and railway networks (1850s)

• Reaction to Tanzimat

• Christians not happy because they wanted to keep autonomy

• Muslim clergy unhappy because of equality of religions, end to religious laws (Sharia)

• Young Ottomans believed reforms didn't go far enough

• Constitutional period (1876)

• Young Ottomans forced Abdul Hamid II to accept a constitution

• Within a year, the sultan rejected the constitution and ruled as an autocrat.

• Young Turks (1908)

• Exile group that had studied in Europe

• Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)

• Favored

• Universal suffrage

• Free public education

• Equal treatment under the law

• Secularization and emancipation of women

• Staged coup against Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1908

• Second Constitutional period

• Multi-party democracy

• Future sultans were puppets under the Young Turks

• Turks were extremely nationalistic

• Forced Turkish language and culture on the diverse population

• Resulted in resistance in Arab and Armenian areas.

NORTH AMERICA

• North America had a lot of resources

• But without railroads, it was hard to exploit

• 1820s

• American industrialization begn when entrepreneurs lured British crafts workers to New England

• and built cotton textile industry.

• by mid 1800s, there were more than 1000 mills in the U.S.

• First transcontinental railroad

• Completed in the 1860s

• Heavy iron and steel industries in 1870s

• Robber Barons/Captains of industry

• Andrew Carnegie (Carnegie Steel)

• John D. Rockefeller (Rockefeller Oil -- monopoly)

• By 1900, US was economic powerhouse

• Labor and investment capital

• Came largely from Europe

• Migrants crossed Atlantic in large numbers

• Eruopean bankers and businesspeople eagerly sought opportuniteis to invst in business

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CONSEQUENCES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

IMPERIALISM

• Industrialization created a demand for raw materials and markets to sell manufactured goods

• Raw material

• Cotton from India and Egypt

• Rubber from Brazil, Malaya, Congo River basin

• Foreign investors owned and controlled plantations and production

GLOBAL INTEGRATION

• Goods and raw materials traveled among different parts of the world.

RISE IN STANDARD OF LIVING IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES

• More cheap manufactured goods were available

RISE IN POPULATION

• More accessible food

• Improved sanitation

• Edward Jenner smallpox vaccine

• Louis Pasteur - pasteurization

• Declining birthrates (contraception)

NEW SOCIAL CLASSES CREATED

• New aristocracy of wealth

• Robber Barons/Captains of Industry

• John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil)

• Andrew Carnegie (steel)

• New middle class

• Managers, accountants and other professionals

• Growing working class

• Unskilled, poorly paid

MIGRATIONS

• Internal migration of people from countryside to city

• Agricultural machinery diminished need for labor

• External migration

• Between 1800 and 1920 50 million Europeans migrated to North and South America

• Searching for jobs and opportunities

• Emigrants left because of:

• Famine in Ireland

• Anti-Antisemitism in Russia

• Displacement from farms because of mechanization

• Indentured servants

• Began 1820s

• British and French used Indian migrants to work on sugar plantations in Indian Ocean

• After Opium Wars

• Large number of Chinese laborers

• To sugar plantations in Cuba and Hawaii

• Guano mines in Peru

• Tin mines in Malaya

• Gold mines in South Africa and Austrial

• Railroad work in U.S., Canada, Peru

• After Meiji restoration in Japan

• Japanese laborers to Hawaii to work on sugar plantations

• Workers given free passage, food, shelter, clothing

• In exchange for commitment to give 5 to 7 years of labor

CHANGES IN THE FAMILY

• Sharp distinctions between work and family life

• Working long hours outside home

• Women and children employed for lower wages

• Mothers could not bring children to work in mines or factories

CHANGES IN ART

• Romanticism (1800-1850)

• Themes of human emotion and nature countered the dehumanizing effects of machines

PHILOSOPHICAL/IDEOLOGICAL REACTION

• Karl Marx - Communist Manifesto (1848)

RESISTANCE TO FACTORY SYSTEM

• Luddites struck against mills and destroyed machines 1811-1816